#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Neuropsychiatric complications in diabetes mellitus


Authors: Jana Švantnerová;  Michal Minár
Authors‘ workplace: II. neurologická klinika LF UK a UNB, Nemocnica akad. L. Dérera, Bratislava
Published in: Forum Diab 2018; 7(3): 153-160
Category: Review Article

Overview

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with constantly increasing prevalence. In addition to the well known micro and macrovascular complications, patients with diabetes can develop also neuropsychiatric complications. Fear of hypo­glycemia, depression and anxiety disorders have an unpleasant impact on the course of disease itself as well as on the other parts of patients´ lives. Therefore it is neces­sary to search for these kinds of complications and to be able to treat them correctly.

Key words:

anxiety disorders, depression, diabetes mellitus, fear of hypoglycemia


Sources

1.    World Health Organisation (WHO). Fact sheets. Diabetes. 2017. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes>. 
2.    International Diabetes Federation (IDF). International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 8th ed. 2017. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.diabetesatlas.org/across-the-globe.html>.
3.    World Health Organisation (WHO). Fact sheets. The top 10 causes of death. 2018. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death>.
4.    Balhara Y. Diabetes and psychiatric disorders. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011; 15(4): 274. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230–8210.85579>.
5.    Li C, Ford E, Zhao G et al. Undertreatment of Mental Health Problems in Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes and Serious Psychological Distress: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(5): 1061–1064. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09–1515>.
6.    Moulton CD, Pickup JC, Ismail K.The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3(6): 461–471. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213–8587(15)00134–5>.
7.    Maia AC, Braga Ade A, Brouwers A et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes types 1 and 2. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53(8): 1169–1173. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.03.011>.
8.    Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G et al. Association between diagnosed diabetes and serious psychological distress among U.S. adults: the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007. Int J Public Health 2009; 54(S1): 43–51. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038–009–0006–1>.
9.    Chaudhry R, Mishra P, Mishra J et al. Psychiatric morbidity among diabetic patients: A hospital-based study. Ind Psychiatry J 2010; 19(1): 47. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972–6748.77637>.
10.    Frier B. How hypoglycaemia can affect the life of a person with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24(2): 87–92. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.796>.
11.    [UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group]. Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration. Diabetologia 2007; 50(6): 1140–1147. Dostupné z DOI: <https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–007–0599-y>.
12.    Dobiáš V. Hypoglykémia, hyperglykémia. Via Practica 2004; 1(4): 226–227. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.viapractica.sk/index.php?page=pdf_view&pdf_id=1731&magazine_id=1>.
13.    Balijepalli C, Druyts E, Siliman G et al. Hypoglycemia: a review of definitions used in clinical trials evaluating antihyperglycemic drugs for diabetes. Clin Epidemiol 2017; 9: 291–296. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S129268>.
14.    Leckie AM, Graham MK, Grant JB et al. Frequency, Severity, and Morbidity of Hypoglycemia Occurring in the Workplace in People With Insulin-Treated Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(6), 1333–1338. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.6.1333>.
15.    Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Pramming S, Heller SR et al. Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20(6): 479–486. Dostupné z DOI: < https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.482>.
16.    Akram K, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Carstensen B et al. Frequency and risk factors of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey. Diabet Med 2006; 23(7): 750–756. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464–5491.2006.01880.x>.
17.    Brod M, Christensen T, Thomsen TL et al. The Impact of Non-Severe Hypoglycemic Events on Work Productivity and Diabetes Management. Value Health 2011; 14(5): 665–671. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.02.001>.
18.    Wild D, von Maltzahn R, Brohan E et al. A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: Implications for diabetes management and patient education. Patient Educ Couns 2007; 68(1): 10–15. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.003 >.
19.    Martinka E, Polko J, Mokáň M. Manažment a liečba akútnych komplikácií diabetes mellitus. Metodický list Ústrednej komisie racionálnej farmakoterapie a liekovej politiky MZ SR 2006; 10(1–2): 1–8. Dostupné z WWW: <www.health.gov.sk/Zdroje?/Sources/dokumenty/ww2/casopis/ml/39_dm.pdf>. 
20.    Martín-Timón I, Del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Mechanisms of hypoglycemia unawareness and implications in diabetic patients. World J Diabetes 2015; 6(7): 912. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.912>.
21.    Borg WP, During MJ, Sherwin RS et al.Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats suppress counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1994; 93(4): 1677–1682. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117150>.
22.    Page KA, Arora J, Qiu M et al. Small decrements in systemic glucose provoke increases in hypothalamic blood flow prior to the release of counterregulatory hormones. Diabetes 2009; 58(2): 448–452. Dostupné z DOI: <10.2337/db08–1224>.
23.    Hwang JJ, Parikh L, Lacadie C et al. Hypoglycemia unawareness in type 1 diabetes suppresses brain responses to hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 2018; 128(4): 1485–1495. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI97696>.
24.    Green, L., Feher, M. and Catalan, J. Fears and phobias in people with diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2000; 16(4): 287–293. Dostupné z DOI: < https://doi.org/10.1002/1520–7560(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DMRR123>3.0.CO;2-T>.
25.    Gjerløw E, Bjørgaas MR, Nielsen EW et al. Fear of Hypoglycemia in Women and Men With Type 1 Diabetes. Nurs Res 2014; 63(2): 143–149. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000020>. 
26.    Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, McAulay V et al. Short-Term, Delayed, and Working Memory Are Impaired During Hypoglycemia in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(2): 390–396. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.2.390>.
27.    Oyer DS. The Science of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2013; 9(3): 195–208. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15733998113099990059>.
28.    Wu FL, Juang JH, Yeh MC. The dilemma of diabetic patients living with hypoglycaemia. J Clin Nurs 2011; 20(15–16): 2277–2285. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2702.2011.03725.x >.
29.    Leiter L, Yale JF, Chiasson JL et al. Assessment of the Impact of Fear of Hypoglycemic Episodes on Glycemic and Hypoglycemia Management. CJD 2005; 29(3): 1–7. Dostupné z WWW: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238784539_Assessment_of_the_Impact_of_Fear_of_Hypoglycemic_Episodes_on_Glycemic_and_Hypoglycemia_Management>.
30.    Hansen MV, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Heller SR et al. Frequency and motives of blood glucose self-monitoring in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 85(2): 183–188. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2009.04.022>.
31.    Hajós TR, Polonsky WH, Pouwer F et al. Toward Defining a Cutoff Score for Elevated Fear of Hypoglycemia on the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey Worry Subscale in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37(1): 102–108. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc13–0971>.
32.    Lam AYR, Xin X, Tan WB et al. Psychometric validation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II) in Singapore. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2017; 5(1): e000329. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016–000329>.
33.    Graue M, Iversen M, Wentzel-Larsen T et al. Assessing fear of hypoglycemia among adults with type 1 diabetes – psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II questionnaire. Norsk Epidemiologi 2013; 23(1): 75–81. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/nje.v23i1.1605>.
34.    Anderbro T, Amsberg S, Adamson U et al. Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2010; 27(10): 1151–1158. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464–5491.2010.03078.x>.
35.    Gonder-Frederick LA, Fisher CD, Ritterband LM et al. Predictors of fear of hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7(4): 215–222. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399–5448.2006.00182.x>.
36.    Patton SR, Dolan LM, Henry R et al. Fear of Hypoglycemia in Parents of Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2008; 15(3): 252–259. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10880–008–9123-x>.
37.    Davis SN, Fowler S, Costa F. Hypoglycemic counterregulatory responses differ between men and women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2000; 49(1): 65–72. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.49.1.65>.
38.    Jørgensen HV, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Rasmussen AK et al. The Impact of Severe Hypoglycemia and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia on Relatives of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(4): 1106–1109. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1106>.
39.    Lawton J, Rankin D, Elliott J et al. Experiences, Views, and Support Needs of Family Members of People With Hypoglycemia Unawareness. Diabetes Care 2014; 37(1): 109–115. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13–1154>.
40.    [Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA)]. Facts & Statistics. 2018. Dostupné z WWW: <https://adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics>.
41.    Collins MM, Corcoran P, Perry IJ. Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabet Med 2009; 26(2): 153–161. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464–5491.2008.02648.x>.
42.    Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE et al. The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001; 24(6): 1069–1078. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069>.
43.    Renn BN, Feliciano L, Segal DL. The bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31(8): 1239–1246. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.08.001>.
44.    Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2010; 53(12): 2480–2486. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–010–1874-x>.
45.    Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M et al. Examining a Bidirectional Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Diabetes. JAMA 2008; 299(23): 2751. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.23.2751>. 
46.    Knol MJ, Twisk JW, Beekman AT et al. Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2006; 49(5): 837–845. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125–006–0159-x>.
47.    Mezuk B, Eaton W, Golden S. Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Over the Lifespan: A Meta-Analysis: Response to Nouwen, Lloyd, and Pouwer. Diabetes Care 2009; 32(5): e57. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08–0985>. 
48.    Kivimäki M, Hamer M, Batty GD et al. Antidepressant Medication Use, Weight Gain, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A population-based study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33(12): 2611–2616. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10–1187>.
49.    Mc Sharry J, Bishop FL, Moss-Morris R et al. ‘The chicken and egg thing’: Cognitive representations and self-management of multimorbidity in people with diabetes and depression. Psychol Health 2013; 28(1): 103–119. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.716438>.
50.    Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland K Eet al. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(7): 934–942. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.7.934>.
51.    de Groot M1, Anderson R, Freedland KE et al. Association of Depression and Diabetes Complications: A Meta-Analysis. Psychosom Med 2001; 63(4): 619–630. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842–200107000–00015>.
52.    Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G et al. The Association of Comorbid Depression With Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28(11): 2668–2672. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.11.2668>.
53.    Lin EH, Katon W, Von Korff M et al. Relationship of Depression and Diabetes Self-Care, Medication Adherence, and Preventive Care. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(9): 2154–2160. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.9.2154>.
54.    Egede LE, Grubaugh AL, Ellis C .The effect of major depression on preventive care and quality of life among adults with diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010; 32(6): 563–569. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.08.002>.
55.    Katon WJ, Lin EH, Russo J et al. Cardiac risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus and major depression. J Gen Intern Med 2004; 19(12): 1192–1199. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525–1497.2004.30405.x>.
56.    Xie J, Deng W. Psychosocial intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13: 2681–2690. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S116465>.
57.    Champaneri S, Wand GS, Malhotra SS et al. Biological Basis of Depression in Adults with Diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 2010; 10(6): 396–405. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892–010–0148–9>.
58.    Joseph JJ, Golden SH. Cortisol dysregulation: the bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1391(1): 20–34. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13217>.
59.    Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K et al. Clinical review: The Pathogenetic Role of Cortisol in the Metabolic Syndrome: A Hypothesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94(8): 2692–2701. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009–0370>.
60.    Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC et al. Complications of Cushing‘s syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4(7): 611–629. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213–8587(16)00086–3>. 
61.    Mommersteeg PM, Herr R, Zijlstra WP et al. Higher levels of psychological distress are associated with a higher risk of incident diabetes during 18 year follow-up: results from the British household panel survey. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 1109. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1186/1471–2458–12–1109>. 
62.    Kumar A, Gupta R, Thomas A et al. Focal Subcortical Biophysical Abnormalities in Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes and Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66(3): 324. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.548>.
63.    Ajilore O, Haroon E, Kumaran S et al. Measurement of Brain Metabolites in Patients with type 2 Diabetes and Major Depression Using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 32(6): 1224–1231. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301248>.
64.    Kumar A, Haroon E, Darwin C et al. Gray matter prefrontal changes in type 2 diabetes detected using MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27(1): 14–19. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21224>.
65.    Rustad JK, Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB. The relationship of depression and diabetes: Pathophysiological and treatment implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36(9): 1276–1286. Dostupné na DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005>.
66.    Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15(4): 357–376. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012>.
67.    World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health. Fact sheets. 2018. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.who.int/mental_health/advocacy/en/#Factsheets>.
68.    Grigsby AB, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE et al. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53(6): 1053–1060. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022–3999(02)00417–8>.
69.    Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JTet al. A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008; 25(9): 1096–1101. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464–5491.2008.02533.x>.
70.    Berlin I, Bisserbe JC, Eiber R et al. Phobic Symptoms, Particularly the Fear of Blood and Injury, Are Associated With Poor Glycemic Control in Type I Diabetic Adults. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(2): 176–178. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.2.176>.
71.    Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Papageorgiou C et al. Anxiety in relation to inflammation and coagulation markers, among healthy adults: The ATTICA Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 185(2): 320–326. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.001>.
72.    Farvid MS, Qi L, Hu FB et al. Phobic anxiety symptom scores and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 36: 176–182. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.025>.
73.    Mirza S, Hossain M, Mathews C et al. Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: A cross-sectional study. Cytokine 2012; 57(1): 136–142. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.029>.
74.    Pečeňák J. Klasifikácia v psychiatrii. Univerzita Komenského Bratislava: Bratislava 2014. ISBN 978–80–223–3662–8. 
75.    Ludman E, Katon W, Russo J et al. Panic episodes among patients with diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006; 28(6): 475–481. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.08.004>.
76.    Smith KJ, Deschênes SS, Schmitz N. Investigating the longitudinal association between diabetes and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2018; 35(6): 677–693. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13606>.
77.    Demmer RT, Gelb S, Suglia SF et al. Sex Differences in the Association Between Depression, Anxiety, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Psychosom Med 2015; 77(4): 467–477. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000169>.
78.    Edwards L, Mezuk B. Anxiety and risk of type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. J Psychosom Res 2012; 73(6): 418–423. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.09.018>.
79.    Steudte S, Stalder T, Dettenborn L et al. Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research 2011; 186(2–3): 310–314. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.002>.
80.    Hasan S, Clavarino A, Dingle K et al. Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Australian Women: A Longitudinal Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24(11): 889–898. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5210>.
81.    Smith K, Béland M, Clyde M. et al. Association of diabetes with anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2013; 74(2): 89–99. Dostupné z DOI: <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.11.013>.
82.    Anderson R, Grigsby A, Freedland K et al. Anxiety and Poor Glycemic Control: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature. Int J Psychiatry Med 2002; 32(3): 235–247. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/klgd-4h8d-4ryl-twq8>.
83.    Smith K, Schmitz N. Association of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms With Functional Disability and Disability Days in a Community Sample With Type 2 Diabetes. Psychosomatics 2014; 55(6): 659–667. Dostupné z DOI: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2014.05.015>.

Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicine
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#