New therapeutic modalities for castrate resistant prostate cancer at the beginning of 2013
Authors:
Michaela Matoušková; Miroslav Hanuš
Authors‘ workplace:
Urocentrum Praha
Published in:
Ces Urol 2013; 17(3): 141-153
Category:
Review article
Overview
Pharmacotherapy of castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has undergone remarkable changes within the last several decades. A crucial discovery of hormonal dependence of prostate cancer by Huggins and Hodges, in the late 1940’s, opened new therapeutic possibilities. In the 80’s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist. These drugs have a suppressive effect on the testosterone levels in the blood, which is equivalent to an orchiectomy. Nevertheless, this method has been associated with negative side effects, such as miniflares. Also, the level of testosterone in the blood was not always sufficiently low. Despite the initial therapeutic effects and good long term response, the cancer becomes hormone resistant over time. The next notable improvement in the treatment of CRPC was introduced at the beginning of this century and it included a combination of docetaxel with prednisone, as a 1st line treatment modality for CRPC. This represented a firts new therapeutic approach which prolonged the survival of patients suffering from CRPC. Within the last decade, several new molecules have been introduced, referred to as biological drugs. These are nonsteroideal antiandrogens, such as enzalutamid, selective CYP 17 inhibitor abirateron acetate, 2nd generation taxan, cabazitaxel, and Sipuleucel T which represents a new agent active in cancer immunotherapy. Several phase II and III studies are currently ongoing to test additional new drugs, which are showing a promising effect. New drugs modulating the metabolism of bones in metastatic CRPC became available as well.
Key words:
castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), hormonal therapy chemotherapy, targeted therapy, new drugs.
Sources
1. Huggins C, Hodges C. Studies on prostatic cancer I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1941; 1: 293–297.
2. Heidenreich A, Bastion PJ, Bellmunt J, et al. Guidelines on prostate cancer. European Association of Urology 2012; http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/08%20Prostate%20Cancer_LR%20March%2013th%202012.pdf
3. Matoušková M, Hanuš M. Pokročilý karcinom prostaty, možnosti léčebného ovlivnění. Remedia 2010; 20: 30–38.
4. Taplin ME, Bublej GJ, Shuster TD, et al. Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1393–1398.
5. Tannock IF, de Witt R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or Mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 2004; 351, 1502–1512.
6. Massard Ch, Fizazi K. Targeting continued androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17: 3876.
7. Lavery DN, Bevan CL. Androgen receptor signalling in prostate cancer: the functional consequences of acetylation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011: 862125. Epub 2010 Dec 28.
8. Attard G, Sarker D, Reid A, et al. Improving the outcome of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer through rational drug development. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 767–774.
9. Sprenger S, Vessella RL, et al. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 2715–2730.
10. Watson PA, Chen YF, Balbas MD, et al. Constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer require full-length androgen receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 16759–16765.
11. Parsons SJ, Parsons JT. Src family kinases, key regulators of signal transduction. Oncogene 2004; 23: 7906–7909., doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208160.
12. Aggarwala R, Ryanb CJ. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: targeted therapies and individualized treatment. Oncologist 2011; 16: 264–275.
13. Dutt SS, Gao AC. Molecular mechanisms of castration-resistant prostate cancer progression. Future Oncol 2009; 5: 1403–1413.
14. Stein MN, Goodin S, Dipaola RS. Abiraterone in prostate cancer: a new angle to an old problem. Clin Cancer Res. 2012; 18(7): 1848–18-54. Epub 2012 Mar 26.
15. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, et al. Final overall survival (OS) analysis of COU-AA-301, a phase 3 study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) pretreated with docetaxel. European Multidisciplinary Cancer Congress 2011; Abstr 7000.
16. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, et al. Abiraterone in Metastatic Prostate Cancer without Previous Chemotherapy. NEJM 2013; 368: 38–48. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209096
17. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, De Bono JS, et al. Interim analysis (IA) results of COU-AA-302, a randomized, phase III study of abiraterone acetate (AA) in chemotherapy-naive patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Presented at ASCO Annual Meeting 2012, Chicago, Illinois. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30(Suppl): Abstr LBA4518.
18. Scher HI, Fizzzazi K, Saad F, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. NEJM 2012; DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1207506
19. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Roessner M, et al. TAX-327 investigators. Treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with docetaxel or mitoxantrone: relationships between prostate-specific antigen, pain, and quality of life response and survival in the TAX-327 study. Clinical Cancer Research 2008; 14: 2763–2767.
20. De Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1147–1154.
21. Goodin S, Kane MP, Rubin EH. Epothilones: Mechanism of Action and Biologic Activity. JCO 2004; 22: 2015–2025.
22. Sternberg CN, Petrylak DP, Sartor O, et al. Multinational, double-blind, phase III study of prednisone and either satraplatin or placebo in patients with castrate-refractory prostate cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: the SPARC trial. J Clin Onkol 2009; 27: 5431–5438.
23. Stewart MW. Aflibercept (VEGF-TRAP): the next anti-VEGF drug. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2011; 10: 497–508.
24. Keizman D, Zahurak M, Sinibaldi V, et al. Lenalidomide in Nonmetastatic Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer: Results of a Phase I/II Double-Blinded, Randomized Study. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 5269.
25. Olsson A, Björk A, Vallon-Christersson J, et al. Tasquinimod (ABR-215050), a quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent, modulates the expression of thrombospondin-1 in human prostate tumors. Mol Cancer 2010; 9: 107.
26. Kantoff PW, Gitano CS, Shore ND, el al. Sipuleucel-T Immunotherapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancor. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 411–422.
27. Kantoff PW, Schuetz TJ, Blumenstein BA, et al. Overall survival analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial of a Poxviral-based PSA-targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancor. J Clin Onkol 2010; 28: 1099–1105.
28. Cell Genesys Initiates Second Phase 3 Clinical Trial Of GVAX® Vaccine For Prostate Cancer http://www.psa-rising.com/med/immun/GVAX-2005.htm
29. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 2011; 377: 813–822.
30. SPC Prolia http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/cs_CZ/document_library/EPAR_-Product_Information/human/001120/WC500093526.pdf
31. Randomized study comparing docetaxel plus dasatinib to docetaxel plus placebo in castration-resistant prostate cancer (READY) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00744497
32. Nelson JB, Love W, Chin JL, et al. Phase 3, Randomized controlled trial of atrasentan in patients with nonmetastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 2008; 113: 2478–2487.
33. Petrylak DP. Evolving therapeutic paradigms for advanced prostate cancer: what‘s needed to make optimal use of the new treatments. Oncology http://www.cancernetwork.com/prostate-ancer/content/article/10165/1859420
34. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, et al. Updated analysis of the phase III, double-blind, randomized, multinational study of radium‑223 chloride in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with bone metastases (ALSYMPCA) ASCO 6/2012.
35. Cheetham PJ, Petrylak DP. Alpha particles as radiopharmaceuticals in the treatment of bone metastases: mechanism of action of radium-223 chloride (alpharadin) and radiation protection. Oncology (Williston Park) 2012; 26: 330–337, 341.
36. Harrison MR, Wong TZ, Armstrong AJ, George DJ. Radium-223 chloride: a potential new treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with metastatic bone dinase. Cancer Management and Research 2013; 5: 1–14
Labels
Paediatric urologist Nephrology UrologyArticle was published in
Czech Urology
2013 Issue 3
Most read in this issue
- Is it appropriate to administer antibiotic prophylaxis to infants with severe hydronephrosis before pyeloplasty?
- Modern radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer
- Management of renal injury in the Department of Urology at the University Hospital in Pilsen
- Results from small renal mass biopsies in the Department of Urology University Hospital Ostrava