Arterial cerebral event in childhood

Czech version

Authors: M. Grešíková
Authors‘ workplace: Klinika detskej hematológie a onkológie, Detská fakultná nemocnica s poliklinikou, Bratislava, prednosta doc. MUDr. E. Kaiserová, CSc.
Published in: Čes-slov Pediat 2011; 66 (4): 226-234.
Category: Postgraduate Education

Overview

Arterial cerebral strokes are rare, however occassionally very urgent conditions in children´s age. The true incidence likely remains underdiagnosed. Advance in diagnostic evaluation have increasingly recognised disorders in children. Their risk factors, outcomes, and even presentation are different from adult events. Cerebral vessel arteriopathies, that are non-atherosclerotic (traumatic, inflammatory, idiopathic) and the prothrombotic abnormalities (congenital and acquired, especially in neonates) seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood cerebral arterial events.

This article demonstrates current review of epidemiology, etiology, clinical picture, diagnostic approaches, management and long-term consequences of these disorders in pediatric patients. Caring for pediatric patients with AMP requires close cooperation of several experts. Antithrombotic therapy must be completed by timely and professionally-led rehabilitation, as well as special approach of social reintegration of pediatric patients.

Key words:
arterial cerebral events, children, arteriopathies

Sources

1. Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children. Stroke 2008; 39: 2644–2691.

2. Sébire G. Transient cerebral arteriopathy in childhood. Lancet 2006; 368: 8–10.

3. Bernard TJ, Goldenberg NA. Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Pediatr Clin N Amer 2008; 55: 323–338.

4. Lanzkowsky Ph. Thrombosis disorders. In: Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 5th ed. London, Burlington, San Diego: Elsevier, 2011: 419–440.

5. Monagle P, Chalmers E, Chan A, et al. Antitrombotic therapy in neonate and children. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence – based clinical practice guidelines, 8th ed. Chest 2008; 133 (Suppl): 887S–968S.

6. Journeycake JM. Thrombosis in infancy and childhood. In: Colman RW, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, et al. Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 1637–1647.

7. Sébire G, Fullerton H, Riou E, et al. Toward the definition of cerebral arteriopathies of childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004; 16: 617–622.

8. Danchaivijitr N, Cox TC, Saunders DE, et al. Evolution of cerebral arteriopathies in childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 620–626.

9. Kirkham F. Improvement or progression in childhood cerebral arteriopathies: current difficulties in prediction and suggestions for research. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 580–582.

10. Braun KPJ, Rafay MF, Uiterwaal CSPM, et al. Mode of onset predicts etiological diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke in children. Stroke 2007; 38: 298–302.

11. Rafay MF, Armstrong D, deVeber G, et al. Craniocervical arterial dissection in children: clinical and radiographic presentation and outcome. J Child Neurol 2006; 21: 8–16.

12. Benseler SM, Silverman E, Aviv RI, et al. Primary central nervous system vasculitis in children. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1291–1297.

13. Wang WC. The pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of stroke in sickle cell disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14: 191–197.

14. Hogan AM, Kirkham FJ, Isaacs EB, et al. Intellectual decline in children with moyamoya and sickle cell anaemia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005; 47: 824–829.

15. Curry CJ, Bhullar S, Holmes J, et al. Risk factors for perinatal arterial stroke: a study of 60 mother-child pairs. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37: 99–107.

16. Shellhaas R, Smith SE, O´Tool E, et al. Mimics of childhood stroke: characteristics of a prospective cohort. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 704.

17. Bartz PJ, Cetta F, Cabalka AK, et al. Paradoxical emboli in children and young adults: role of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale device closure. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 615–618.

18. Agnetti A, Carano N, Sani E, et al. Cryptogenic stroke in children: possible role of patent foramen ovale. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37: 53–56.

19. Butany J, Nair V, Naseemuddin A, et al. Cardiac tumours: diagnosis and management. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 219–228.

20. Barnes C, deVeber G. Prothrombotic abnormalities in childhood ischemic stroke. Thromb Res 2006; 118: 67–74.

21. Boffa MC, Lachassinne E. Review: infant perinatal thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies: a review. Lupus 2007; 16: 634–641.

22. Mackay MT, Monagle P. Perinatal and early childhood stroke and thrombophilia. Pathology 2008; 1: 116–123.

23. Lee J, Croen LA, Backstrand KH, et al. Maternal and infant characteristics associated with perinatal arterial stroke in the infant. JAMA 2005; 293: 723–729.

24. Huang J, McGirt MJ, Gailloud P, et al. Intracranial aneurysms in the pediatric population: case series and literature review. Surg Neurol 2005; 63: 424–433.

25. Lee JW, Kim DS, Shim KW, et al. Management of intracranial cavernous malformation in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24: 321–327.

26. Fullerton HJ, Wu YW, Sidney S, et al. Recurrent hemorrhagic stroke in children: a population-based cohort study. Stroke 2007; 38: 2658–2662.

27. Lee J, Croen LA, Lindan C, et al. Predictors of outcome in perinatal arterial stroke: a population-based study. Ann Neurol 2005; 58: 303–308.

28. Gut J. Cévni mozgové príhody u dětí – 1. Pediatrie pro Praxi 2008; 9: 154–157.

29. Boardman JP, Ganesan V, Rutherford MA, et al. Magnetic resonance image correlates of hemiparesis after neonatal and childhood middle cerebral artery stroke. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 321–326.

30. Liu AC, Segaren N, Cox TS, et al. Is there a role for magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of non-traumatic intraparenchymal haemorrhage in children? Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36: 940–946.

31. Hirsh J. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children. In: Guidelines for Antitrombotic Therapy. 8th ed. Hamilton, 2008: 140–149.

32. Bernard TJ, Goldenberg NA, Triputi M, et al. Anticoagulation in childhood-onset arterial ischemic stroke with nonmoyamoya arteriopathy. Stroke 2009; 40: 2869–2871.

33. Grešíková M. Zásady antitrombotickej liečby u novorodencov a detí. Pediatria 2010; 1: 44–49.

34. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 577–617.

35. Soman T, Rafay MF, Hune S, et al. The risks and safety of clopidogrel in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 1120–1122.

36. Janjua N, Nasar A, Lynch JK, et al. Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in children: data from the nationwide in patient sample. Stroke 2007; 38: 1850–1854.

37. Benedict SL, Ni OK, Schloesser P, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis in a 2-year-old with cardioembolic stroke. J Child Neurol 2007; 22: 225–227.

38. Zahuranec DB, Brown DL, Lisabeth LD, et al. Is it time for a large, collaborative study of pediatric stroke? Stroke 2005; 36: 1825–1829.

39. Pavlovic J, Kaufmann F, Boltshauser E, et al. Neuropsychological problems after paediatric stroke: two year follow-up of Swiss children. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37: 13–19.

40. Ganesan V, Prengler M, Wade A, et al. Clinical and radiological recurrence after childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Circulation 2006; 114: 2170–2177.

Labels

Neonatology Paediatrics General practitioner for children and adolescents

Mucopolysaccharidosis I – clinical manifestations in 24 children from the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Paediatric enteral nutrition: practical approach based on ESPGHAN recommendations

Breastfeeding rates at the time of hospital discharge in Baby-Friendly and non-Baby-Friendly hospitals in the Czech Republic in 2000–2006

Article was published in

Czech-Slovak Pediatrics

2011 Issue 4