Surgical treatment of lung cancer
Authors:
V. Jedlička
Authors‘ workplace:
Oddělení chirurgické onkologie, Klinika operační onkologie LF MU a MOÚ, Brno
Published in:
Klin Onkol 2021; 34(Supplementum 1): 35-42
Category:
Review
doi:
https://doi.org/10.48095/ccko2021S35
Overview
Surgical resection is a principal treatment modality in the early stages of non-small cell lung cancer. The risks of surgical procedures are decreasing due to advancements in surgical techniques. However, optimal treatment strategy in locally advanced stages is unclear. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy could be a future treatment alternative.
Keywords:
lung cancer – VATS – immunotherapy – NSCLC stages
Sources
1. Ijsseldijk MA, Shoni M, Siegert C et al. Oncologic outcomes of surgery versus SBRT for non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer 2020; S1525-7304 (20) 30140-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2020.04.017.
2. Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (21): 3552–3559. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.9030.
3. Chouaid C, Danson S, Andreas S et al. Adjuvant treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom based on the LuCaBIS burden of illness study. Lung Cancer 2018; 124: 310–316. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.07.042.
4. Voelker R. Adjuvant therapy approved for NSCLC. JAMA 2021; 325 (5): 426. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0168.
5. Klein J. Chirurgie karcinomu plic. Praha: Galén 2006.
6. Roviaro GC, Rebuffat C, Varoli F et al. Videoendoscopic thoracic surgery. Int Surg 1993; 78 (1): 4–9.
7. Roviaro GC, Rebuffat C, Varoli F et al. Major videothoracoscopic pulmonary resections. Endosc Surg Allied Technol 1993; 1 (5–6): 288–293.
8. Lewis RJ, Caccavale RJ, Sisler GE et al. One hundred consecutive patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54 (3): 421–426. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975 (92) 90431-3.
9. Giudicelli R, Thomas P, Guillen JC et al. La chirurgie d’exérèse pulmonaire vidéo-assistée. Technique, indications et premiers résultats. Ann Chir 1993; 47 (8): 707–711.
10. Bendixen M, Jørgensen OD, Kronborg C et al. Postoperative pain and quality of life after lobectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or anterolateral thoracotomy for early stage lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17 (6): 836–844. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045 (16) 00173-X.
11. Ng CS, MacDonald JK, Gilbert S et al. Optimal approach to lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer: systemic review and meta-analysis. Innovations (Phila) 2019; 14 (2): 90–116. doi: 10.1177/1556984519837027.
12. Yim AP, Wan S, Lee TW et al. VATS lobectomy reduces cytokine responses compared with conventional surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70 (1): 243–247. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (00) 01258-3.
13. Gonzalez-Rivas D, Yang Y, Stupnik T et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic bronchovascular, tracheal and carinal sleeve resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49 (Suppl 1): i6–16. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv410. Epub 2015 Nov 25.
14. Gonzalez-Rivas D, Stupnik T, Fernandez R et a. Intraoperative bleeding control by uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49 (Suppl_1): i17–i24. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv 333.
15. Bertolaccini L, Batirel H, Brunelli A et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: a consensus report from the Uniportal VATS Interest Group (UVIG) of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 56 (2): 224–229. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ ezz133.
16. Pompeo E, Mineo D, Rogliani P et al. Feasibility and results of awake thoracoscopic resection of solitary pulmonary nodules. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78 (5): 1761–1768. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.05.083.
17. Hung MH, Hsu HH, Cheng YJ et al. Nonintubated thoracoscopic surgery: state of the art and future directions. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6 (1): 2–9. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.01.16.
18. Gonzalez-Rivas D, Bonome C, Fieira E et al. Non-intubated video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resections: the future of thoracic surgery? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 49 (3): 721–731. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv136.
19. Abbas AE. Surgical management of lung cancer: history, evolution, and modern advances. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20 (12): 98. doi: 10.1007/s11912-018-0 741-7.
20. Hu X, Wang M. Efficacy and safety of robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) compare with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lung lobectomy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22 (3): 169–178. doi: 10.2174/1386207322666190411113040.
21. Jones GD, Caso R, Tan KS et al. Propensity-matched analysis demonstrates long-term risk of respiratory and cardiac mortality after pneumonectomy compared with lobectomy for lung cancer. [in press]. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004065.
22. Yu X, Gao S, Xue Q et al. Development of a nomogram for predicting the operative mortality of patients who underwent pneumonectomy for lung cancer: a population-based analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10 (1): 381–391. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-20-561.
23. Bölükbas S, Baldes N, Bergmann T et al. Standard and extended sleeve resections of the tracheobronchial tree. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12 (10): 6163–6172. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2020.02.65.
24. Deng HY, Qiu XM, Zhu DX et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic sleeve lobectomy for centrally located non--small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Surg 2021; 45 (3): 897–906. doi: 10.1007/s00268-020-05 877-5.
25. Vannucci J, Matricardi A, Potenza R et al. Lobectomy with angioplasty: which is the best technique for pulmonary artery reconstruction? J Thorac Dis 2018; 10 (Suppl 16): S1892–S1898. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.05.174.
26. Perroni G, Veronesi G. Robotic segmentectomy: indication and technique. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12 (6): 3404–3410. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2020.02.53.
27. Raman V, Jawitz OK, Cerullo M et al. Tumor size, histology, and survival after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy and sublobar resection in node-negative non-small cell lung cancer. [in press]. doi: 10.1097/SLA.000 0000000004730.
28. De Leyn P, Lardinois D, Van Schil P et al. European trends in preoperative and intraoperative nodal staging: ESTS guidelines. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2 (4): 357–361. doi: 10.1097/01.JTO.0000263722.22686.1c.
29. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030 Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141 (3): 662–670. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.11. 008.
30. Oguzhan S, Mese M, Schirren M et al. Technik der thorakalen Lymphknotendissektion. Chirurg 2019; 90 (12): 966–973. doi: 10.1007/s00104-019-01032-6.
31. Asamura H, Nakayama H, Kondo H et al. Lobe-specific extent of systematic lymph node dissection for non-small cell lung carcinomas according to a retrospective study of metastasis and prognosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117 (6): 1102–1111. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5223 (99) 70 246-1.
32. Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT et al. The European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons clinical guidelines for evaluating fitness for radical treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy) in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 36 (1): 181–184. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.04.022.
33. Brunelli A, Salati M, Rocco G et al. ESTS Database Committee. European risk models for morbidity (EuroLung1) and mortality (EuroLung2) to predict outcome following anatomic lung resections: an analysis from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 51 (3): 490–497. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw319.
34. Onaitis M, D’Amico T, Zhao Y et al. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons general thoracic surgery database. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90 (2): 368–374. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.100.
35. Stolz AJ, Schützner J, Lischke R et al. Predictors of prolonged air leak following pulmonary lobectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 27 (2): 334–336. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.11.004.
36. Nwogu CE, D’Cunha J, Pang H et al. VATS lobectomy has better perioperative outcomes than open lobectomy: CALGB 31001, an ancillary analysis of CALGB 140202 (Alliance). Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 99 (2): 399–405. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.09.018.
37. Boffa DJ, Dhamija A, Kosinski AS et al. Fewer complications result from a video-assisted approach to anatomic resection of clinical stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148 (2): 637–643. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.045.
38. Sihoe ADL. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery as the gold standard for lung cancer surgery. Respirology 2020; 25 (Suppl 2): 49–60. doi: 10.1111/resp.13920.
39. Lim E, Batchelor T, Shackcloth M et al. Study protocol for VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer, a UK multicentre randomised controlled trial with an internal pilot (the VIOLET study). BMJ Open 2019; 9 (10): e029507. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029507.
40. Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Kim AW et al. The eighth edition lung cancer stage classification. Chest 2017; 151 (1): 193–203. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.010. Epub 2016 Oct 22.
41. Jin Y, Chen M, Yu X. Comparison of the 7 (th) and proposed 8 (th) editions of the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system for non-small cell lung cancer undergoing radical surgery. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 33587. doi: 10.1038/srep3 3587.
42. McKenna RJ Jr, Houck W, Fuller CB. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 1,100 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81 (2): 421–425. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.07.078.
43. Mitchell KG, Antonoff MB. Encouraging early outcomes in cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) /Alliance 140503: patient selection, not extent of resection, is the key to perioperative success. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7 (Suppl 1): S50. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019. 03.12.
44. Suzuki K, Saji H, Aokage K et al. Comparison of pulmonary segmentectomy and lobectomy: Safety results of a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 158 (3): 895–907. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.03.090.
45. Zhang Y, Chen Z, Hu H et al. Surgical strategies for pre- and minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma 3.0: lessons learned from the optimal timing of surgical intervention. [in press]. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.12. 009.
46. Kondo D, Yamada K, Kitayama Y et al. Peripheral lung adenocarcinomas: 10 mm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76 (2): 350–355. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975 (03) 00340-0.
47. Zhao J, Zeng Q, Li J et al. Uniportal versus multiportal thoracoscopic sleeve lobectomy for the surgical treatment of centrally located lung cancer: a single institution experience. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12 (12): 7145–7155. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-2695.
48. Seastedt KP, Hoang CD. Commentary: keeping both techniques up one’s sleeve: VATS and open sleeve lobectomy. [in press]. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.10. 020.
49. Lakha S, Gomez JE, Flores RM et al. Prognostic significance of visceral pleural involvement in early-stage lung cancer. Chest 2014; 146 (6): 1619–1626. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0204.
50. Seok Y, Jeong JY, Lee E. Extent of visceral pleural invasion and the prognosis of surgically resected node-negative non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2017; 8 (3): 197–202. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.12424.
51. van Rens MT, de la Rivière AB, Elbers HR et al. Prognostic assessment of 2,361 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for non-small cell lung cancer, stage I, II, and IIIA. Chest 2000; 117 (2): 374–379. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.2.374.
52. Yang CJ, Kumar A, Deng JZ et al. A national analysis of short-term outcomes and long-term survival following thoracoscopic versus open lobectomy for clinical stage II non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Surg 2021; 273 (3): 595–605. doi: 10.1097/SLA.000000000000 3231.
53. Tandberg DJ, Kelsey CR, D’Amico TA et al. Patterns of failure after surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer invading the chest wall. Clin Lung Cancer 2017; 18 (4): e259–e265. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.11.008.
54. Kawaguchi K, Yokoi K, Niwa H et al. A prospective, multi-institutional phase II study of induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer involving the chest wall (CJLSG0801). Lung Cancer 2017; 104: 79–84. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.12.011.
55. Chiappetta M, Nachira D, Congedo MT et al. Non--small cell lung cancer with chest wall involvement: integrated treatment or surgery alone? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 67 (4): 299–305. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-163 2363.
56. Muñoz-Largacha JA, Rao SR, Brinckerhoff LH et al. Induction chemoradiation is associated with improved survival in chest wall invasion lung cancer. Tumori 2019; 105 (4): 331–337. doi: 10.1177/030089161983 9283.
57. Ripley RT, Rusch VW. Role of induction therapy: surgical resection of non-small cell lung cancer after induction therapy. Thorac Surg Clin 2013; 23 (3): 273–285. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.04.004.
58. IJsseldijk MA, Ten Broek RPG, Wiering B et al. Oncological outcomes of unsuspected pN2 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [in press]. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa334.
59. White AA, Lee DN, Mazzola E et al. Adjuvant therapy following induction therapy and surgery improves survival in N2-positive non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 2020; 132 (2): 579–586. doi: 10.1002/jso. 26305.
60. Swaminath A, Vella ET, Ramchandar K et al. Surgery after chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III (N2 or N3, excluding T4) non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review. Curr Oncol 2019; 26 (3): e398–e404. doi: 10.3747/co.26.4549.
61. Jin G, Wang X, Xu C et al. Disparities in survival following surgery among patients with different histological types of N2-III non-small cell lung cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8 (20): 1288. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-4357.
62. Huang J, Li C, Li H et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy for c-N2 stage NSCLC: short-term outcomes of a randomized trial. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8 (6): 951–958. doi: 10.21037/tlcr.2019. 11.31.
63. Xu YP, Li B, Xu XL et al. Is there a survival benefit in patients with stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy prior to surgical resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94 (23): e879. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000879.
64. NCCN clinical practise guidelines in oncology, version 3/2021. [online]. Available from: https: //www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx.
65. Montemuiño S, Dios NR, Martín M et al. High-dose neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy alone followed by surgery in potentially-resectable stage IIIA-N2 NSCLC. A multi-institutional retrospective study by the Oncologic Group for the Study of Lung Cancer (Spanish Radiation Oncology Society). Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2020; 25 (3): 447–455. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2020. 03.006.
66. de Cabanyes Candela S, Detterbeck FC. A systematic review of restaging after induction therapy for stage IIIa lung cancer: prediction of pathologic stage. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5 (3): 389–398. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181ce3e5e.
67. Huynh C, Walsh LA, Spicer JD. Surgery after neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10 (1): 563–580. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-20-509.
68. Uprety D, Mandrekar SJ, Wigle D et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for NSCLC: current concepts and future approaches. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15 (8): 1281–1297. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.05.020.
69. Dartevelle PG, Mitilian D, Fadel E. Extended surgery for T4 lung cancer: a 30 years’ experience. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 65 (6): 321–328. doi: 10.1007/s11748-017-0752-6.
70. Tamura M, Hoda MA, Klepetko W. Current treatment paradigms of superior sulcus tumours. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 36 (4): 747–753. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.04.036.
71. Palumbo VD, Fazzotta S, Fatica F et al. Pancoast tumour: current therapeutic options. Clin Ter 2019; 170 (4): e291–e294. doi: 10.7417/CT.2019.2150.
72. Luketich JD, Martini N, Ginsberg RJ et al. Successful treatment of solitary extracranial metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (6): 1609–1611. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975 (95) 00760-1.
73. Downey RJ, Ng KK. The management of non-small-cell lung cancer with oligometastases. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2001; 11 (1): 121–132. doi: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2014.07.003.
74. Migliore M, Nardini M. Does cytoreduction surgery and hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy prolong survival in patients with N0-N1 nonsmall cell lung cancer and malignant pleural effusion? Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28 (153): 190018. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0018- 2019.
75. Schreiber D, Rineer J, Weedon J et al. Survival outcomes with the use of surgery in limited-stage small cell lung cancer: should its role be re-evaluated? Cancer 2010; 116 (5): 1350–1357. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24853.
76. Čan V, Kala Z, Frola L et al. Clarification of the resection line non-intubated segmentectomy using indocyanine green. Ann Transl Med 2019; 7 (2): 38. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.45.
77. van der Woude L, Wouters MW, Hartemink KJ et al. Completeness of lymph node dissection in patients undergoing minimally invasive- or open surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a nationwide study. [in press]. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.11.008.
78. Epidemiologie zhoubných nádorů v České republice. [online]. Dostupné z: https: //www.svod.cz/analyse.php?modul=incmor.
79. Klein J. Chirurgická léčba rakoviny plic. Onkologie 2009; 3 (5): 277–280.
Labels
Paediatric clinical oncology Surgery Clinical oncologyArticle was published in
Clinical Oncology
2021 Issue Supplementum 1
Most read in this issue
- Lung cancer – dia nosis and early detection
- Surgical treatment of lung cancer
- Pokroky v léčbě malobuněčného karcinomu plic
- Future of lung cancer treatment