Guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis

1. Morgan, J., Meltzer, M. I., Plikaytis, B. D. et al. Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 2005, 26, p. 540–547.

2. Pfaller, M., Wenzel, R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1992, 11, p. 287–291.

3. Beck-Sague, C., Jarvis, W. R. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J. Infect. Dis., 1993, 167, p. 1247–1251.

4. Kao, A. S., Brandt, M. E., Pruitt, W. R. et al. The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities: results of a population-based active surveillance. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1999, 29, p. 1164–1170.

5. Diekema, D. J., Messer, S. A., Brueggemann, A. B. et al. Epidemiology of candidemia: 3-year results from the emerging infections and the epidemiology of Iowa organisms study. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2002, 40, p. 1298–1302.

6. Hajjeh, R. A., Sofair, A. N., Harrison, L. H. et al. Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, 42, p. 1519–1527.

7. Abi-Said, D., Anaissie, E., Uzun, O. et al. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1997, 24, p. 1122–1128.

8. Goodman, J. L., Winston, D. J., Greenfield, R. A. et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med., 1992, 326, p. 845–851.

9. Laverdiere, M., Rotstein, C., Bow, E. J. et al. Impact of fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal colonization and infection rates in neutropenic patients. The Canadian Fluconazole Study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2000, 46, p. 1001–1008.

10. Junghanss, C., Marr, K. A. Infectious risks and outcomes after stem cell transplantation: are nonmyeloablative transplants changing the picture? Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2002, 15, p. 347–353.

11. Gudlaugsson, O., Gillespie, S., Lee, K. et al. Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2003, 37, p. 1172–1177.

12. Marr, K. A. The changing spectrum of candidemia in oncology patients: therapeutic implications. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2000, 13, p. 615–620.

13. Kami, M., Machida, U., Okuzumi, K. et al. Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on fungal blood cultures: an autopsy-based study involving 720 patients with haematological malignancy. Br. J. Haematol., 2002, 117, p. 40–46.

14. Sendid, B., Cotteau, A., Francois, N. et al. Candidaemia and antifungal therapy in a French University Hospital: rough trends over a decade and possible links. BMC Infect. Dis., 2006, 6, p. 80.

15. Eggimann, P., Garbino, J., Pittet, D. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2003, 3, p. 685–702.

16. Pappas, P. G., Rex, J. H., Lee, J. et al. A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2003, 37, p. 634–643.

17. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Pappas, P. G. Invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med., 2006, 34, p. 857–863.

18. Trick, W. E., Fridkin, S. K., Edwards, J. R. et al. Secular trend of hospital-acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the United States during 1989–1999. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2002, 35, p. 627–630.

19. Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M. et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 39, p. 309–317.

20. Asmundsdottir, L. R., Erlendsdottir, H., Gottfredsson, M. Increasing incidence of candidemia: results from a 20-year nationwide study in Iceland. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2002, 40, p. 3489–3492.

21. Poikonen, E., Lyytikainen, O., Anttila, V. J., Ruutu, P. Candidemia in Finland, 1995–1999. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2003, 9, p. 985–990.

22. Almirante, B., Rodriguez, D., Park, B. J. et al. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance. Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2005, 43, p. 1829–1835.

23. Sandven, P., Bevanger, L., Digranes, A. et al. Constant low rate of fungemia in norway, 1991 to 1996. The Norwegian Yeast Study Group. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1998, 36, p. 3455–3459.

24. Sandven, P., Bevanger, L., Digranes, A. et al. Candidemia in Norway (1991 to 2003): results from a nationwide study. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2006, 44, p. 1977–1981.

25. Richet, H., Roux, P,, Des Champs, C. et al. Candidemia in French hospitals: incidence rates and characteristics. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2002, 8, p. 405–412.

26. Rodriguez, D., Almirante, B., Park, B. J. et al. Candidemia in neonatal intensive care units: Barcelona, Spain. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2006, 25, p. 224–229.

27. McNeil, M. M., Nash, S. L, Hajjeh, R. A. et al. Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980–1997. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 33, p. 641–647.

28. Hobson, R. P. The global epidemiology of invasive Candida infections – is the tide turning? J. Hosp. Infect., 2003, 55, p. 159–168; quiz 233.

29. Marr, K. A., Seidel, K., Slavin, M. A. et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood, 2000, 96, p. 2055–2061.

30. Marr, K. A. Invasive Candida infections: the changing epidemiology. Oncology, (Williston Park) 2004, 18, p. 9–14.

31. Chamilos, G., Luna, M., Lewis, R. E. et al. Invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies in a tertiary care cancer center: an autopsy study over a 15-year period (1989-2003). Haematologica, 2006, 91, p. 986–989.

32. Peman, J., Canton, E., Gobernado, M. Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from blood: results of a 2-year multicentre study in Spain. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2005, 24, p. 23–30.

33. Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J. Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2007, 20, p. 133–163.

34. Nguyen, M. H., Peacock, J. E., Jr., Morris, A. J. et al. The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. Am. J. Med., 1996, 100, p. 617–623.

35. Antoniadou, A., Torres, H. A., Lewis, R. E. et al. Candidemia in a tertiary care cancer center: in vitro susceptibility and its association with outcome of initial antifungal therapy. Medicine (Baltimore), 2003, 82, p. 309–321.

36. Marchetti, O., Bille, J., Fluckiger, U. et al. Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991–2000. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38, p. 311–320.

37. Martin, D., Persat, F., Piens, M. A., Picot, S. Candida species distribution in bloodstream cultures in Lyon, France, 1998–2001. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2005, 24, p. 329–333.

38. Richardson, M. D. Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2005, 56, Suppl 1, i5-i11.

39. Boktour, M. R., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Hanna, H. A. et al. Multiple-species candidemia in patients with cancer. Cancer, 2004, 101, p. 1860–1865.

40. Tortorano, A. M., Caspani, L., Rigoni, A. L. et al. Candidosis in the intensive care unit: a 20-year survey. J. Hosp. Infect., 2004, 57, p. 8–13.

41. Dimopoulos, G., Karabinis, A., Samonis, G., Falagas, M. E. Candidemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent critically ill patients: a prospective comparative study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2007, 26, p. 377–384.

42. Tortorano, A. M., Peman, J., Bernhardt, H. et al. Epidemiology of candidaemia in Europe: results of 28-month European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2004, 23, p. 317–322.

43. Buchta, V. M. K,, Bergerová, T. Výskyt potenciálně patogenních kvasinek v krvi a moči pacientů ve velkých nemocnicích v České republice. Klin. Mikrobiol. Inf. Lék., 1998, 4, p. 10–17.

44. Hamal, P., Dobiášová, S., Kocmanová, I. Candidemia in large Czech hospitals, 2000–2002: An epidemiological study. In 15th Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. San Antonio, 2003; p. 463.

45. Hamal, P., Kocmanová, I., Jedličková, A. et al. Epidemiological analysis of candidemia in Czech tertiary care hospitals in 2000–2006. J. Chemother., 2007, 19 (suppl. 3), S61–S62.

46. Krcmery, V., Jr., Kovacicova, G. Longitudinal 10-year prospective survey of fungaemia in Slovak Republic: trends in etiology in 310 episodes. Slovak Fungaemia study group. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2000, 36, p. 7–11.

47. Drgona, L., Trupl, J., Roidova, A. et al. Fungaemia in Slovakia: a prospective, national study. . ECCMID 2008, Barcelona. 2008.

48. Rex, J. H., Bennett, J. E., Sugar, A. M. et al. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1995, 21, p. 994–996.

49. Rex, J. H., Walsh, T. J., Sobel, J. D. et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2000, 30, p. 662–678.

50. Luzzati, R., Amalfitano, G., Lazzarini, L. et al. Nosocomial candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at an Italian tertiary care hospital. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2000, 19, p. 602–607.

51. Walsh, T. J., Rex, J. H. All catheter-related candidemia is not the same: assessment of the balance between the risks and benefits of removal of vascular catheters. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2002, 34, p. 600–602.

52. Viudes, A., Peman, J., Canton, E. et al. Candidemia at a tertiary-care hospital: epidemiology, treatment, clinical outcome and risk factors for death. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2002, 21, p. 767–774.

53. Fatkenheuer, G., Buchheidt, D., Cornely, O. A. et al. Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections in neutropenic patients – guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann. Hematol., 2003, 82, Suppl 2, S149–157.

54. Fatkenheuer, G., Cornely, O., Seifert, H. Clinical management of catheter-related infections. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2002, 8, p. 545–550.

55. Maki, D. G., Crnich, C. J. Line sepsis in the ICU: prevention, diagnosis, and management. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2003, 24, p. 23–36.

56. Pappas, P. G., Rex, J. H., Sobel, J. D. et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38, p. 161–189.

57. Pasqualotto, A. C., de Moraes, A. B., Zanini, R. R., Severo, L. C. Analysis of independent risk factors for death among pediatric patients with candidemia and a central venous catheter in place. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 2007, 28, p. 799–804.

58. Karlowicz, M. G., Hashimoto, L. N., Kelly, R. E., Jr., Buescher, E. S. Should central venous catheters be removed as soon as candidemia is detected in neonates? Pediatrics, 2000, 106, E63.

59. Nucci, M., Anaissie, E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidemia? An evidence-based review. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2002, 34, p. 591–599.

60. Mermel, L. A., Farr, B. M., Sherertz, R. J. et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 32, p. 1249–1272.

61. O’Grady, N. P., Alexander, M., Dellinger, E. P. et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 2002, 23, p. 759–769.

62. Vescia, S., Baumgartner, A. K., Jacobs, V. R. et al. Management of venous port systems in oncology: a review of current evidence. Ann. Oncol., 2008, 19, p. 9–15.

63. Nguyen, M. H., Peacock, J. E., Jr., Tanner, D. C. et al. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch. Intern. Med., 1995, 155, p. 2429–2435.

64. Lecciones, J. A., Lee, J. W., Navarro, E. E. et al. Vascular catheter-associated fungemia in patients with cancer: analysis of 155 episodes. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1992, 14, p. 875–883.

65. Nucci, M., Colombo, A. L., Silveira, F. et al. Risk factors for death in patients with candidemia. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 1998, 19, p. 846–850.

66. Kibbler, C. C., Seaton, S., Barnes, R. A. et al. Management and outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida species in England and Wales. J. Hosp. Infect., 2003, 54, p. 18–24.

67. Aliyu, S. H., Enoch, D. A., Abubakar, I. I. et al. Candidaemia in a large teaching hospital: a clinical audit. QJM, 2006, 99, p. 655–663.

68. Nucci, M., Anaissie, E. Revisiting the source of candidemia: skin or gut? Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 33, p. 1959–1967.

69. Blot, F., Schmidt, E., Nitenberg, G. et al. Earlier positivity of central-venous- versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1998, 36, p. 105–109.

70. Raad, I., Hanna, H., Maki, D. Intravascular catheter-related infections: advances in diagnosis, prevention, and management. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2007, 7, p. 645–657.

71. Pasqualotto, A. C., Severo, L. C. The importance of central venous catheter removal in patients with candidaemia: time to rethink our practice? Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2008, 14, p. 2–4.

72. Anaissie, E. J., Rex, J. H., Uzun, O., Vartivarian, S. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am. J. Med., 1998, 104, p. 238–245.

73. Pearson, M. L. Guideline for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol., 1996, 17, p. 438–473.

74. Seifert, H., Cornely, O., Seggewiss, K. et al. Bloodstream infection in neutropenic cancer patients related to short-term nontunnelled catheters determined by quantitative blood cultures, differential time to positivity, and molecular epidemiological typing with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2003, 41, p. 118–123.

75. Blot, F., Nitenberg, G., Chachaty, E. et al. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. Lancet, 1999, 354, p. 1071–1077.

76. Kite, P., Dobbins, B. M., Wilcox, M. H., McMahon, M. J. Rapid diagnosis of central-venous-catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter removal. Lancet, 1999, 354, p. 1504–1507.

77. Bouza, E., Alvarado, N., Alcala, L. et al. A randomized and prospective study of 3 procedures for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection without catheter withdrawal. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2007, 44, p. 820–826.

78. Bouza, E., Alvarado, N., Alcala, L. et al. A prospective, randomized, and comparative study of 3 different methods for the diagnosis of intravascular catheter colonization. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 40, p. 1096–1100.

79. Maki, D. G., Weise, C. E., Sarafin, H. W. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 1977, 296, p. 1305–1309.

80. Sherertz, R. J., Raad, I. I., Belani, A. et al. Three-year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1990, 28, p. 76–82.

81. Morrell, M., Fraser, V. J., Kollef, M. H. Delaying the empiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2005, 49, p. 3640–3645.

82. Garey, K. W., Rege, M., Pai, M. P. et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2006, 43, p. 25–31.

83. Rex, J. H., Bennett, J. E., Sugar, A. M. et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N. Engl. J. Med., 1994, 331, p. 1325–1330.

84. Herbrecht, R., Flückiger, U., Gachot, B. et al. 2007 update of the ECIL-1 guidelines for Antifungal therapy in leukemia patients. In 2nd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, Edition Juan-les-Pins-France 2007.

85. Kish, M. A. Guide to development of practice guidelines. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 32, p. 851–854.

86. Edwards, J. E., Jr., Bodey, G. P., Bowden, R. A. et al. International Conference for the Development of a Consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1997, 25, p. 43–59.

87. Bohme, A., Ruhnke, M., Buchheidt, D. et al. Treatment of fungal infections in hematology and oncology – guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann. Hematol., 2003, 82 Suppl 2, S133–140.

88. Slavin, M. A., Szer, J., Grigg, A. P. et al. Guidelines for the use of antifungal agents in the treatment of invasive Candida and mould infections. Intern. Med. J., 2004, 34, p. 192–200.

89. Herbrecht, R., Fluckiger, U., Gachot, B. et al. Treatment of invasive Candida and invasive Aspergillus infections in adult haematological patients. Eur. J. Cancer Supplements, 2007, 5, p. 49–59.

90. Horn, D., Neofytos, D., Fishman, J. et al. Use of the PATH Alliance database to measure adherence to IDSA guidelines for the therapy of candidemia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2007, 26, p. 907–914.

91. Patel, M., Kunz, D. F., Trivedi, V. M. et al. Initial management of candidemia at an academic medical center: evaluation of the IDSA guidelines. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2005, 52, p. 29–34.

92. Anaissie, E. J., Darouiche, R. O., Abi-Said, D. et al. Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1996, 23, p. 964–972.

93. Phillips, P., Shafran, S., Garber, G. et al. Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidemia Study Group. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1997, 16, p. 337–345.

94. Kullberg, B. J., Sobel, J. D., Ruhnke, M. et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet, 2005, 366, p. 1435–1442.

95. Anaissie, E. J., Vartivarian, S. E., Abi-Said, D. et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Am. J. Med., 1996, 101, p. 170–176.

96. Nolla-Salas, J., Sitges-Serra, A., Leon-Gil, C. et al. Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med., 1997, 23, p. 23–30.

97. Mora-Duarte, J., Betts, R., Rotstein, C. et al. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 347, p. 2020–2029.

98. Kuse, E. R., Chetchotisakd, P., da Cunha, C. A. et al. Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial. Lancet, 2007, 369, p. 1519–1527.

99. Reboli, A. C., Rotstein, C., Pappas, P. G. et al. Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356, p. 2472–2482.

100. Rex, J. H., Pappas, P. G., Karchmer, A. W. et al. A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2003, 36, p. 1221–1228.

101. Graninger, W., Presteril, E., Schneeweiss, B. et al. Treatment of Candida albicans fungaemia with fluconazole. J. Infect., 1993, 26, p. 133–146.

102. Kontoyiannis, D. P., Bodey, G. P., Mantzoros, C. S. Fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for the management of candidaemia in adults: a meta-analysis. Mycoses, 2001, 44, p. 125–135.

103. Barrett, J. P., Vardulaki, K. A., Conlon, C. et al. A systematic review of the antifungal effectiveness and tolerability of amphotericin B formulations. Clin. Ther., 2003, 25, p. 1295–1320.

104. Kleinberg, M. What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2006, 27, Suppl 1, p. 12–16.

105. Torrado, J. J., Espada, R., Ballesteros, M. P., Torrado-Santiago, S. Amphotericin B formulations and drug targeting. J. Pharm. Sci., 2008, 97, p. 2405–2425.

106. Eriksson, U., Seifert, B., Schaffner, A. Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 hours: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2001, 322, p. 579–582.

107. Furrer, K., Schaffner, A., Vavricka, S. R. et al. Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine A and amphotericin B-deoxycholate as continuous infusion in allogenic stem cell transplantation. Swiss Med. Wkly., 2002, 132, p. 316–320.

108. Imhof, A., Walter, R. B., Schaffner, A. Continuous infusion of escalated doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate: an open-label observational study. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2003, 36, p. 943–951.

109. Peleg, A. Y., Woods, M. L. Continuous and 4 h infusion of amphotericin B: a comparative study involving high-risk haematology patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2004, 54, p. 803–808.

110. Wingard, J. R., Kubilis, P., Lee, L. et al. Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1999, 29, p. 1402–1407.

111. Bates, D. W., Su, L., Yu, D. T. et al. Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 32, p. 686–693.

112. Bates, D. W., Su, L., Yu, D. T. et al. Correlates of acute renal failure in patients receiving parenteral amphotericin B. Kidney Int., 2001, 60, p. 1452–1459.

113. Mayer, J., Doubek, M., Doubek, J. et al. Reduced nephrotoxicity of conventional amphotericin B therapy after minimal nephroprotective measures: animal experiments and clinical study. J. Infect. Dis., 2002, 186, p. 379–388.

114. Mayer, J., Doubek, M., Vorlicek, J. Must we really fear toxicity of conventional amphotericin B in oncological patients? Support. Care Cancer, 1999, 7, p. 51–55.

115. Johnson, J. R. Reduction of nephrotoxicity associated with amphotericin B deoxycholate. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38, p. 303; author reply p. 306–307.

116. Ito, J. I., Hooshmand-Rad, R. Treatment of Candida infections with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2005, 40, Suppl 6, S384–391.

117. Anaissie, E. J., White, M. H., Uzun, O. et al. Amphotericin B Lipid Complex vs Amphotericin B for Treatment of invasive Candidiasis: A Prospective, Randomized Multicenter Trial. In ICAAC 35th, Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Edition San Francisco: 1995.

118. Noskin, G., Pietrelli, L., Gurwith, M., Bowden, R. Treatment of invasive fungal infections with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant, 1999, 23, p. 697–703.

119. Noskin, G. A., Pietrelli, L., Coffey, G. et al. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1998, 26, p. 461–467.

120. Walsh, T. J., Hiemenz, J. W., Seibel, N. L. et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis., 1998, 26, p. 1383–1396.

121. Tuil, O., Cohen, Y. Itraconazole IV solution in the treatment of candidemia in non-neutropenic patients. Critical Care Medicine, 2003, 7, P131–P132.

122. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Kontoyiannis, D., Raffalli, J. et al. International, open-label, noncomparative, clinical trial of micafungin alone and in combination for treatment of newly diagnosed and refractory candidemia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2005, 24, p. 654–661.

123. Abbas, J., Bodey, G. P., Hanna, H. A. et al. Candida krusei fungemia. An escalating serious infection in immunocompromised patients. Arch. Intern. Med., 2000, 160, p. 2659–2664.

124. Safdar, A., Chaturvedi, V., Cross, E. W. et al. Prospective study of Candida species in patients at a comprehensive cancer center. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother., 2001, 45, p. 2129–2133.

125. Safdar, A., van Rhee, F., Henslee-Downey, J. P. et al. Candida glabrata and Candida krusei fungemia after high-risk allogeneic marrow transplantation: no adverse effect of low-dose fluconazole prophylaxis on incidence and outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2001, 28, p. 873–878.

126. Bodey, G. P,, Mardani, M., Hanna, H. A. et al. The epidemiology of Candida glabrata and Candida albicans fungemia in immunocompromised patients with cancer. Am. J. Med., 2002, 112, p. 380–385.

127. Safdar, A., Chaturvedi, V., Koll, B. S. et al. Prospective, multicenter surveillance study of Candida glabrata: fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility profiles in bloodstream, invasive, and colonizing strains and differences between isolates from three urban teaching hospitals in New York City (Candida Susceptibility Trends Study, 1998 to 1999). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46, p. 3268–3272.

128. Safdar, A., Perlin, D. S., Armstrong, D. Hematogenous infections due to Candida parapsilosis: changing trends in fungemic patients at a comprehensive cancer center during the last four decades. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2002, 44, p. 11–16.

129. Bennett, J. E., Izumikawa, K., Marr, K. A. Mechanism of increased fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata during prophylaxis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2004, 48, p. 1773–1777.

130. Pfaller, M. A., Messer, S. A., Boyken, L. et al. Geographic variation in the susceptibilities of invasive isolates of Candida glabrata to seven systemically active antifungal agents: a global assessment from the ARTEMIS Antifungal Surveillance Program conducted in 2001 and 2002. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2004, 42, p. 3142–3146.

131. Panackal, A. A., Gribskov, J. L., Staab, J. F. et al. Clinical significance of azole antifungal drug cross-resistance in Candida glabrata. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2006, 44, p. 1740–1743.

132. Herbrecht, R., Denning, D. W., Patterson, T. F. et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 347, p. 408–415.