Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Published in the journal: Cesk Slov Neurol N 2011; 74/107(4): 408-418
Category: Minimonografie

Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder first appearing in early childhood and persisting at a rate of 60% until adulthood. Underlying it are structural and functional aberrations in a number of areas of the brain, especially the frontal cortex and basal ganglia, compounded by dysbalance of some neurotransmitters (dopamine and noradrenaline). ADHD etiology appears to be multifactorial as the coresponsible

factors include genetic predisposition and external environment effects. Disorder in the fronto-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit leads to executive (self-regulating) functions impairment and to basic clinical symptoms – inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. In addition, ADHD also involves emotional changes, social maladaptation, and motor-perception problems. There are frequent comorbidities (oppositional defiant disorder, anxiety, depression, developmental learning disorders, tics) in what are further impediments to the ADHD patients´ progress at school, social assertion and emotional development. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – DSM-IV or International Classification of Diseases – ICD-10). Treatment makes use of psychostimulants and atomoxetin in combination with psychotherapeutic methods. Since paediatric neurologists are often the first medical specialists to examine children with ADHD, knowledge of the symptoms, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can only upgrade correct care of those patients.

Key words:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder – executive functions – neurodevelopmental disorder

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