Possibilities for laboratory diagnosis of leptospiroses
Authors:
J. Perželová; J. Jareková; M. Kotrbancová; M. Špaleková
Authors‘ workplace:
Ústav epidemiológie Lekárskej fakulty Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave, Slovenská republika
Published in:
Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 66, 2017, č. 3, s. 140-145
Category:
Review Article
Overview
Leptospiroses are worldwide spread zoonoses caused by hydrophilic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Humans can be infected by contact with an infected animal or indirectly via staying in a contaminated environment (water, wet soil), in natural foci, while working outdoors, or while doing outdoor sport and leisure activities. Leptospirosis may manifest as a mild flu-like illness or in a severe febrile form (meningitis, pulmonary haemorrhage, hepato-renal syndrome, or myocarditis). Presented are the laboratory diagnostic methods for leptospiroses with their advantages and disadvantages. In practice, serological diagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test, which is also a confirmatory test, and, less often, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are used. Methods of molecular biology are being introduced for direct rapid diagnosis of leptospiroses, in particular the polymerase chain reaction and its modifications, which allow the detection of Leptospira infection in acute phase.
KEYWORDS:
Leptospirosis – diagnosis – microscopic agglutination test – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay – polymerase chain reaction
Sources
1. Ahmed A, Engelberts MF, Boer KR, et al. Development and validation of a real-time PCR for detection of pathogenic leptospira species in clinical materials. PLoS One, 2009; 4(9): e7093.
2. Ahmed A, Grobusch MP, Klatser PR, et al. Molecular Approaches in the Detection and Characterization of Leptospira. J Bacteriol Parasitol, 2012;3(2): 1–12.
3. Ahmed N, Devi SM, Valverde ML, et al. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2006;5: 28.
4. Azizi S, Tajbakhsh E, Hajimirzaei MR, et al. Evaluation of „white-spotted kidneys“ associated with leptospirosis by polymerase chain reaction based LipL32 gene in slaughtered cows. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 2012; 83(1): 69.
5. Bakoss P, Kmety E. K významu vysycovacích testov v sérotypovej diagnostike leptospírových ochorení u ľudí. Čs. epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie, 1980; 29(3): 165–170.
6. Bakoss P, Macháčová E, Jareková J. Výsledky surveillance humánnych leptospiróz, Slovensko 1986–2005. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 2007; 56(3): 140–149.
7. Bakoss P. Leptospirózy. In: Bazovská S, et al. Špeciálna epidemiológia. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo UK, prvé vydanie; 2007. s. 340, ISBN 978-80-223-2301-70.
8. Blacksell SD, Smythe L, Phetsouvanh R, et al. Limited diagnostic capacities of two commercial assays for the detection of Leptospira immunoglobulin M antibodies in Laos. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 2006;13(10): 1166–1169.
9. Boonsilp S, Thaipadungpanit J, Amornchai P, et al. Molecular detection and speciation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in blood from patients with culture-negative leptospirosis. BMC Infect Dis, 2011;11: 338.
10. Brown PD, Gravekamp C, Carrington DG, et al. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Med Microbiol, 1995;43(2): 110–114.
11. Budihal SV, Perwez K. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competancy of various laboratory tests. J Clin Diagn Res, 2014;8(1): 199–202.
12. Desakorn V, Wuthiekanun V, Thanachartwet V, et al. Accuracy of a commercial IgM ELISA for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2012; 86(3): 524–527.
13. Effler PV, Bogard AK, Domen HY, et al. Evaluation of eight rapid screening tests for acute leptospirosis in Hawaii. J Clin Microbiol, 2002;40(4): 1464–1469.
14. Esfandiari B, Pourshafie MR, Gouya MM, et al. An epidemiological comparative study on diagnosis of rodent leptospirosis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Epidemiol Health, 2015;37: e2015012.
15. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual epidemiological report 2015. Leptospirosis. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016.
16. Fearnley C, Wakeley PR, Gallego-Beltran J, et al. The development of a real-time PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira species in kidney tissue. Res Vet Sci, 2008;85(1): 8–16.
17. Honarmand HR, Abdollahpour G, Eshraghi SS. Comparison of Two ELISA Methods for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis. Iran J Med Sci, 2010;35(2): 116–121.
18. Kmety E, Bakoss P. K otázke voľby antigénov do mikroaglutinačnej reakcie pri leptospirózach. Čs. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1978;27(5): 247–252.
19. Kmety E. Betrachtungen zum Problem der paradoxen Reaktion und deren Bedeutung in der Serodiagnostik einiger Leptospirosen. I. Orig., Zbl. Bakt. Hyg, 1957 b;170(4): 597–608.
20. Kmety E. Návrh na štandardnú metódu aglutinolyzínovej reakcie pri leptospirózach. Čs. epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie, 1957;6(6): 372–377.
21. Levett PN, Morey RE, Galloway RL, et al. Detection of pathogenic leptospires by real-time quantitative PCR. J Med Microbiol, 2005;54(Pt 1): 45–49.
22. Levett PN. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2001;14(2): 296–326.
23. Levett PN. Systematics of Leptospiraceae. In: Adler B, et al. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Imunology. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, Vol. 387; 2015. s. 11-20, ISBN 978-3-662-45058-1.
24. Luchini D, Meacci F, Oggioni MR, et al. Molecular detection of Leptospira interrogans in human tissues and environmental samples in a lethal case of leptospirosis. Int J Legal Med, 2008;122(3): 229–233.
25. Marvanová T, Kodym P. Laboratorní diagnostika leptospirózy. Zprávy centra epidemiologie a mikrobiologie (SZU, Praha), 2013;22(6): 204–205.
26. Merien F, Portnoi D, Bourhy P, et al. A rapid and quantitative method for the detection of Leptospira species in human leptospirosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2005;249(1): 139–147.
27. Ministerstvo pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR. Leptospira spp. In: Správa o zoonózach, alimentárnych nákazách a nákazách z vody v Slovenskej republike za rok 2015. vydalo Ministerstvo pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR; 2016, s. 50-53. ISBN 978-80-89738-08-3.
28. Murgia R, Riquelme N, Baranton G, et al. Oligonucleotides specific for pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira occurring in water. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1997;148: 27–34.
29. Murray GL. The lipoprotein LipL32, an enigma of leptospiral biology. Vet Microbiol, 2013;162(2–4): 305–314.
30. Ooteman MC, Vago AR, Koury MC. Evaluation of MAT, IgM ELISA and PCR methods for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis. J Microbiol Methods, 2006;65(2): 247–257.
31. Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Torgerson PR, et al. Oxford textbook of Zoonoses. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.; 2011.
32. Perželová J, Jareková J, Špaleková M. Využitie komerčného testu ELISA na skrining akútnych leptospiróz. XX. Červenkove dni preventívnej medicíny, Tále, 27. – 29. 4. 2015, zborník abstraktov vydaný online, s. 22, ISBN 978-80-971836-8-4.
33. Picardeau M. Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis. Med Mal Infect, 2013;43(1): 1–9.
34. Smetana J, Čermáková Z, Boštíková V, et al. Leptospiróza v České republice a možnosti laboratorní diagnostiky. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 2010;59(4): 159–167.
35. Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, et al. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect. Dis, 2002; 2: 13.
36. Villumsen S, Pedersen R, Borre MB, et al. Novel TaqMan® PCR for detection of Leptospira species in urine and blood: pit-falls of in silico validation. J Microbiol Methods, 2012;91(1): 184–190.
37. Wangroongsarb P, Yaseang S, Petkanjanapong W, et al. Appli-cability of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Diagnosis of Leptospirosis. J Trop Med Parasitol, 2005;28: 43–47.
38. WHO, ILS. Human leptospirosis: Guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Malta: World Health Organization; 2003. s. 109, ISBN 92-4-154589-5.
39. Woo TH, Smythe LD, Symonds ML, et al. Rapid distinction between Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira biflexa by PCR amplification of 23S ribosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1997;150(1): 9–18.
40. Yasouri SR, Moghadam RG, Ghane M. Identification of Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira spp. from the Rice Fields of Tonekabon Township Using PCR Technique. Advanced Studies in Biology, 2013;5(10): 437–445.
Labels
Hygiene and epidemiology Medical virology Clinical microbiologyArticle was published in
Epidemiology, Microbiology, Immunology
2017 Issue 3
Most read in this issue
- Hantavirus causing fatal haemorrhagic fever in the Czech Republic
- Serological diagnosis of whooping cough using immunoblot methods
- Possibilities for laboratory diagnosis of leptospiroses
- Legionellosis and its diagnosis