Urinary Catheter Biofilm Infections

Czech version

Authors: V. Holá; F. Růžička
Authors‘ workplace: Mikrobiologický ústav LFMU a FN u sv. Anny v Brně
Published in: Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 57, 2008, č. 2, s. 47-52

Overview

Urinary tract infections, most of which are biofilm infections in catheterized patients, account for more than 40 % of hospital infections. Bacterial colonization of the urinary tract and catheters causes not only infection but also other complications such as catheter blockage by bacterial encrustation, urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. About 50 % of long-term catheterized patients face urinary flow obstruction due to catheter encrustation, but no measure is currently available to prevent it. Encrustation has been known either to result from metabolic dysfunction or to be of microbial origin, with urease positive bacterial species implicated most often. Infectious calculi account for about 15 – 20 % of all cases of urolithiasis and are often associated with biofilm colonization of a long-term indwelling urinary catheter or urethral stent. The use of closed catheter systems is helpful in reducing such problems; nevertheless, such a system only delays the inevitable, with infections emerging a little later. Various coatings intended to prevent the bacterial adhesion to the surface of catheters and implants and thus also the emergence of biofilm infections, unfortunately, do not inhibit the microbial adhesion completely and permanently and the only reliable method for biofilm eradication remains the removal of the foreign body from the patient.

Key words:
biofilm – urinary infections – microbial incrustation – resistance to antimicrobials.

Sources

1. Costerton, J. W., Lewandowski, Z., Caldwell, D. E., Korber, D. R., Lappin-Scott, H. M. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol, 1995, 49, 711-745.

2. Costerton, J. W., Stewart, P. S., Greenberg, E. P. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science, 1999, 284, 1318-1322.

3. Cox, A. J., Hukins, D.W., Sutton, T. M. Infection of catheterised patients: bacterial colonisation of encrusted Foley catheters shown by scanning electron microscopy. Urol Res 1989, 17, 349-352.

4. Dumanski, A. J., Hedelin, H., Edin-Liljegren, A., Beauchemin, D., McLean, R. J. Unique ability of the Proteus mirabilis capsule to enhance mineral growth in infectious urinary calculi; Infect Immun 1994, 62, 7, 2998-3003.

5. Farsi, H. M., Mosli, H. A., Al Zemaity, M. F., Bahnassy, A. A., Alvarez, M. Bacteriuria and colonization of double-pigtail ureteral stents: long-term experience with 237 patients, J Endourol 1995, 9, 6, 469-472.

6. Getliffe, K. A., Mulhall, A. B. The encrustation of indwelling catheters; Br J Urol 1991, 67, 4, 337-341.

7. Gorman, S. P., Jones, D. S. Biofilm complications of urinary tract devices. In: Wilson M, Devine D (eds.): Medical Implications of Biofilms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991, 136-170.

8. Gorman, S. P., Tunney, M. M. Assessment of encrustation behaviour on urinary tract biomaterials. J Biomater Appl 1997, 12, 136-166.

9. Choong, S., Wood, S., Fry, C., Whitfield, H. Catheter associated urinary tract infection and encrustation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001, 17, 305-310.

10. Ishida, H., Ishida, Y., Kurosaka, Y., Otani, T., Sato, K., Kobayashi, H. In vitro and in vivo activities of levofloxacin against biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1998, 42, 7, 1641-1645.

11. Jansen, B., Peters, G. Modern strategies in the prevention of polymer-associated infections J Hosp Infect 1991, 19, 2, 83-88.

12. Keane, P.F., Bonner, M. C., Johnston, S. R., Zafar, A., Gorman, S. P. Characterization of biofilm and encrustation on ureteric stents in vivo, Br J Urol 1994, 73, 687-691.

13. König, C., Schwank, S., Blaser, J. Factors compromising antibiotic activity against biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2001, 20, 20-26.

14. Lewis, K. Riddle of biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 2001, 999-1007.

15. Liedl B. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Urol 2001, 11, 75-79.

16. Mah, T. F., O’Toole, G. A. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents; Trends Microbiol, 2001, 9, 1, 34-39.

17. McLean, R. J., Lawrence, J. R., Korber, D. R., Caldwell, D. E. Proteus mirabilis biofilm protection against struvite crystal dissolution and its implications in struvite urolithiasis. J Urol 1991, 146, 1138-1142.

18. Mobley, H. L., Warren, J. W. Urease-positive bacteriuria and obstruction of long-term urinary catheters; J Clin Microbiol 1987, 25, 11, 2216-2217.

19. Morris, N. S., Stickler, D. J. Encrustation of indwelling urethral catheters by Proteus mirabilis biofilms growing in human urine. J Hosp Infect 1998, 39, 227-234.

20. Morris, N. S., Stickler, D. J., McLean, R. J. The development of bacterial biofilms on indwelling urethral catheters. World J Urol 1999, 17, 345-350.

21. Nickel, J. C., Downey, J., Costerton, J. W. Movement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa along catheter surfaces. A mechanism in pathogenesis of catheter-associated infection. Urology 1992, 39, 93-98.

22. Nickel, J. C., Downey, J. A., Costerton, J. W. Ultrastructural study of microbiologic colonization of urinary catheters. Urology 1989, 34, 284-291.

23. Nickel, J. C., Grant, S. K., Costerton, J. W. Catheter-associated bacteriuria. An experimental study. Urology, 1985, 26, 369-375.

24. Schierholz, J. M., Beuth, J. Implant infections: a haven for opportunistic bacteria; Journal of Hospital Infection 2001, 49, 2, 87-93.

25. Souli, M., Giamarellou, H. Effects of slime produced by clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci on activities of various antimicrobial agents; Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1998, 42, 4, 939-941.

26. Spoering, A. L., Lewis, K. Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials; Journal of Bacteriology, 2001, 183, 23, 6746-6751.

27. Stewart, P. S. Theoretical aspects of antibiotic diffusion into microbial biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 40, 1996, s. 2517-2522.

28. Stewart, P. S., Costerton, J. W. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet, 358, 2001, s. 135-138.

29. Stickler, D. J., Evans, A., Morris, N., Hughes, G. Strategies for the control of catheter encrustation. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2002, 19, 499-506.

30. Stickler, D. J., Lear, J. C., Morris, N. S., Macleod, S. M., Downer, A., Cadd, D. H., Feast, W. J. Observations on the adherence of Proteus mirabilis onto polymer surfaces. J Appl Microbiol 2006, 100, 1028-1033.

31. Stickler, D., Hughes, G. Ability of Proteus mirabilis to swarm over urethral catheters; Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999, 18, 3, 206-208.

32. Stickler, D. J., King, J. B., Winters, C., Morris, S. L. Blockage of urethral catheters by bacterial biofilms; J Infect 1993, 27, 2, 133-135.

33. Stickler, D., Morris, N., Moreno, M. C., Sabbuba, N. Studies on the formation of crystalline bacterial biofilms on urethral catheters. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998, 17, 9, 649-652.

34. Tambyah, P. A., Maki, D. G. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic: a prospective study of 1,497 catheterized patients; Arch Intern Med 2000, 160, 5, 678 -682.

35. Tenke, P., Kovacs, B., Jackel, M., Nagy, E. The role of biofilm infection in urology. World J Urol 2006, 24, 13-20.

36. Tunney, M. M., Jones, D. S., Gorman, S. P. Biofilm and biofilm-related encrustation of urinary tract devices. Methods Enzymol 1999, 310, 558-66.

37. Vrany, J. D., Stewart, P. S., Suci, P. A. Comparison of recalcitrance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms displaying rapid-transport characteristics; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1997, 41, 6, 1352-1358.

38. Warren, J. W. Catheter-associated bacteriuria in long-term care facilities; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994, 15, 8, 557-562.

Do redakce došlo 31. 10. 2007

Labels

Hygiene and epidemiology Medical virology Clinical microbiology

Arthrographis kalrae – an Uncommon Causative Agent of Onychomycosis

Circulation of Coxsackieviruses in the Slovak Population in 1985-2007

Article was published in

Epidemiology, Microbiology, Immunology

2008 Issue 2