#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Serum oncomarkers for prostate cancer


Authors: Jakub Řezáč;  Otakar Čapoun;  Viktor Soukup
Authors‘ workplace: Urologická klinika VFN a 1. LF UK v Praze
Published in: Ces Urol 2021; 25(4): 236-243
Category: Review article

Overview

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most diagnosed oncological diseases. An integral part of the diagnostic process is detection of oncomarkers, which we measure in blood serum, urine, or tissue samples. In clinical practice, we most often utilize serum oncomarkers, especially Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) or its derivatives free PSA, PSA Doubling Time, PSA Velocity and PSA Density. To make the indication of a prostate biopsy more accurate, we can use other tests, such as Prostate Health Index (PHI). Another commercially available alternative is Four-kallikrein Panel (4K). Among the latest markers, we list, in the United States already approved, Circulating Tumor Cells (CTC), as well as for now experimental microRNA (miRNA). The aim of this article is to show a brief overview of currently used and experimental serum oncomarkers of PC.

Keywords:

prostate cancer – oncomarkers – biomarkers


Sources

1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68(6): 394–424.

2. OECD (2017), Health at a Glance 2017: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. [online] 2017 [cit. 16-8-2021] Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-en.

3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019; 66: 7–30.

4. Richie, JP, Catalona WJ, Ahmann FR, et al. Effect of patient age on early detection of prostate cancer with serum prostatespecific antigen and digital rectal examination. Urology 1993; 42: 365.

5. Lowe FC, Trauzzi SJ. Prostatic acid phosphatase in 1993. Its limited clinical utility. Urol Clin North Am. 1993; 20: 589–595.

6. Klečka J, Běhounek P, Hora M. Současné postavení PSA v diagnostice karcinomu prostaty. Urol. praxi 2008; 9(4): 187–189.

7. Svoboda M. Identifikace a studium molekulárních biomarkerů z hlediska individualizace léčebně‑preventivních strategií v onkologii. MUDr. Marek Svoboda, Ph.D. – habilitační práce, komentovaný soubor prací. [online] 2013 [cit.16-8-2021] Dostupné z: https://is.muni.cz/do/rect/habilitace/1411/Svoboda/habilitace/ Marek_Svoboda_-_habilitacni_prace.doc?i.

8. Sawyers CL. The cancer biomarker problem. Nature 2008; 452: 548–552.

9. Catalona, WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol 1994; 151: 1283.

10. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of followup. Lancet 2014; 384: 2027–2035.

11. Romero Otero J, Garcia Gomez B, Campos Juanatey F, Touijer KA. Prostate cancer biomarkers: an update. Urol Oncol 2014; 32: 252–260.

12. Lilja H, Ulmert D, Vickers AJ. Prostate‑specific antigen and prostate cancer: prediction, detection and monitoring. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 268–278.

13. Saini S. PSA and beyond: alternative prostate cancer biomarkers. Cell Oncol. 2016; 39(2): 97–106.

14. Veselý Š. Současné klinické využití markerů karcinomu prostaty. Onkologie 2019; 13(2): 78–82.

15. Semjonow A, Brandt B, Oberpenning F, et al. Discordance of assay methods creates pitfalls for the interpretation of prostatespecific antigen values. Prostate Suppl 1996; 7: 3.

16. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate‑specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2239.

17. EAU Guidelines: Prostate Cancer. [online] 2021 [cit. 16-8-2021]. Dostupné z: https://uroweb.org/guideline/ prostate‑cancer/.

18. Nordström T, Akre O, Aly M, Grönberg H, Eklund M. Prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) density in the diagnostic algorithm of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic, DiS. 2018; 21(1): 57–63.

19. Arlen, PM, Bianco F, Dahut WL, et al. Prostate Specific Antigen Working Group guidelines on prostate specific antigen doubling time. J Urol. 2008; 179: 2181.

20. Vickers AJ, Savage C, O’Brien MF, et al. Systematic review of pretreatment prostatespecific antigen velocity and doubling timeas predictors for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 398–403.

21. PRIAS Project [online]. 2021 [cit.16-8-2021]. Dostupné z: https://prias‑project. org/modules/articles/ article.php?id=1.

22. Christensson A, Bjork T, Nilsson O, et al. Serum prostate specific antigen complexed to alpha 1 antichymotrypsin as an indicator of prostate cancer. J Urol. 1993; 150: 100–105.

23. Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, et al. Use of the percentage of free prostate‑specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. JAMA 1998; 279(19): 1542–1547.

24. Stephan C, Lein M, Jung K, et al. The influence of prostate volume on the ratio of free to total prostate specific antigen in serum of patients with prostate carcinoma and benign prostate hyperplasia. Cancer 1997; 79: 104.

25. Huang Y, Li ZZ, Huang YL, et al. Value of free/total prostate‑specific antigen (f/t PSA) ratios for prostate cancer detection in patients with total serum prostate‑specific antigen between 4 and 10 ng/mL: A metaanalysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97: 0249.

26. Fiala V, Hanuš T, Čapoun O, et al. Zkušenosti s použitím indexu zdraví prostaty v klinické praxi. Ces Urol 2017; 21(4): 284–288.

27. Le BV, Griffin CR, Loeb S, et al. [-2] Proenzyme prostate specific antigen is more accurate than total and free prostate specific antigen in differentiating prostate cancer from benign disease in a prospective prostate cancer screening study. J Urol. 2010; 183: 1355–1359.

28. Lazzeri M, Haese A, Abrate A, et al. Clinical performance of serum prostate specific antigen isoform [−2]proPSA (p2PSA) and its derivatives %p2PSA and the prostate health index (phi) in men with a family history of prostate cancer: results from a multicenter European study, the PROMEtheuS project. BJU Int 2013; 112: 313–321.

29. Ryšánková K, Bartoš V, Krhut J, et al. (-2)proPSA a Index zdravé prostaty (PHI) v predikci výskytu karcinomu prostaty v transrektálních biopsiích. Ces Urol 2018; 22(1): 40–47.

30. Fuchsová R, Topolčan O, Hora M, et al. Přínos stanovení [-2]proPSA v diferenciální diagnostice karcinomu prostaty. Ces Urol 2014; 18(1): 21–25.

31. Catalona W, Partin A, Bangma C, et al. A multicenter study of [-2]pro‑prostate specific antigen combined with prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml prostate specific antigen range. J Urol 2011; 185: 1650–1655.

32. Haese A, Graefen M, Steuber T, et al. Human glandular kallikrein 2 levels in serum for discrimination of pathologically organconfined from locally‑advanced prostate cancer in total PSA‑levels below 10 ng/ ml. Prostate 2001; 49(2): 101–109.

33. Gupta A, Roobol MJ, Savage CJ, et al. A four‑kallikrein panel for the prediction of repeat prostate biopsy: data from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer screening in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Br J Cancer 2010; 103(5): 708–714.

34. Novák V, Veselý Š. PSA a jeho izoformy jako moderní markery karcinomu prostaty. Ces Urol 2019; 23(3): 194–202.

35. Carlsson, SV, Vickers AJ, Lilja H, et al. Can one blood draw replace transrectal ultrasonography‑estimated prostate volume to predict prostate cancer risk? BJU Int 2013; 112: 602–609.

36. Catalona, WJ, Partin AW, Sanda MG, et al. A multicenter study of [-2]pro‑prostate specific antigen combined with prostate specific antigen and free prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/ml prostate specific antigen range. J Urol 2011; 185: 1650.

37. Parekh, DJ, Punnen S Sjoberg DD, et al. A Multi‑institutional prospective trial in the USA confirms that the 4 K score accurately identifies men with high‑grade prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68: 464–470.

38. Nordstrom T, Vickers A, Assel M, et al. Comparison Between the Four‑kallikrein Panel and Prostate Health Index for Predicting Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68: 139.

39. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology, 2017. Prostate Cancer Early Detection [online]. 2018 [cit.2-4-2021] Dostupné z: www.nccn.org.

40. Nordström T, Vickers A, Assel M, et al. Comparison Between the Four‑kallikrein Panel and Prostate Health Index for Predicting Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2015; 68(1): 139-46.

41. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004; 116(2): 281–297.

42. Casanova‑Salas I, Rubio‑Briones J, Fernandez‑Serra A, Lopez‑Guerrero JA. miRNAs as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 14(11): 803–811.

43. Lawrie, CH, Gal S, Dunlop HM, et al. Detection of elevated levels of tumour‑associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2008; 141: 672–675.

44. Witwer KW. Circulating microRNA biomarker studies: Pitfalls and potential solutions. Clin Chem 2015; 61: 56–63.

45. Lucarelli G, Ditonno P, Bettocchi C, et al. Serum sarcosine is a risk factor for progression and survival in patients with metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2013; 9(6): 899–907.

46. Ferro M, Lucarelli G, Bruzzese D, et al. Improving the prediction of pathologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: the value of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine. Anticancer Res 2015; 35(2): 1017–1023.

47. Mihelich BL, Maranville JC, Nolley R, et al. Elevated serum microRNA levels associate with absence of high‑grade prostate cancer in a retrospective cohort. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10: e0124245.

48. Fradet Y, Saad F, Aprikian A, et al. Upm3, a new molecular urine test for the detection of prostate cancer. Urology 2004; 64: 311–315.

49. Bettegowda C, Sausen M, Leary RJ, et al. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in early – and late‑stage human malignancies. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6(224): 224ra24.

50. de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 6302–6309.

51. Punnoose EA, Ferraldeschi R, Szafer-Glusman E, et al. Pten loss in circulating tumour cells correlates with pten loss in fresh tumour tissue from castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2015; 113: 1225–1233.

Labels
Paediatric urologist Nephrology Urology
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#